En giftfri, organisk och komposterbar bostad. Med potential att överleva generation efter generation och dessutom bli vackrare med tiden. I en cirkulär ekonomi cirkulerar material. Vilken tur då att lerklinade väggar, laxknutar och sticktak har överlevt nu när vi cirkulerat in i ett nytt århundrade av lärande, byggande och boande.
Regeringen arbetar med att främja omställningen till en cirkulär ekonomi och har tillsatt en kommission. I en handlingsplan konstaterar kommissionen att en uppskalning av den cirkulära ekonomin kommer att vara avgörande för att uppnå klimatneutralitet till senast 2050, samt för att nå de globala hållbarhetsmålen i Agenda 2030.
Byggmaterial
What goes around comes around
Lera och halm, trä och tegel, hampa, linolja och näver. Låter det omodernt? Kanske inte så, för bland allt fler medvetna konsumenter ökar de organiska byggmaterialen i popularitet. Inte minst bland barnfamiljer som vill bo i giftfria hem, fria från hormonstörande och cancerframkallande ämnen.
Många av de vanligaste byggmaterialen på marknaden är energikrävande att framställa, belastande för miljön, hälsovådliga och har kort livslängd. Dagens underhållsfria fönster är ett exempel på en engångsprodukt som kräver mycket energi att tillverka och som – eftersom de inte kan underhållas – har kort livslängd. Besöker du en konventionell bygghandel är utbudet av byggmaterial stort. Betong, byggskivor, glasfiberull, fogmassa, plastfärg och träprodukter av låg kvalitet för att nämna några. Men många av dessa produkter är energikrävande att framställa och innehåller hormonstörande, cancerogena och miljöskadliga kemikalier. Visste du att du inte bör sova i ett nymålat sovrum målat med miljömärkt, vattenbaserad målarfärg de första fyra veckorna? Inte konstig att småbarnsföräldrar visar vägen i sökandet efter hälsosammare material. Och som tur är finns det alternativ!
Sten, trä, lera, kalk, hampa, halm, lin, vass, näver, tegel. Många av materialen har använts i tusentals år, är giftfria och långt mer hållbara än många av dagens produkter. Idag används materialen delvis på traditionellt vis men nya tekniker prövas och materialen används på nya spännande och innovativa sätt. Inte minst i badrum.
Ekonomisk tillväxt
Ett nävertak kan ha en livslängd på 80-90 år. Lertegelpannor kan vara funktionsdugliga i långt över 100 år, jämfört med betongpannornas vanliga 25-45 år. En produkts livslängd har betydelse, men ska vi bygga miljövänligt hållbart måste vi se till fler faktorer än enbart materialens livslängd. Betong har generellt en lång livslängd, men innehåller cement vars tillverkning leder till enorma koldioxidutsläpp. Betong är även beroende av att mala ner berg till pulver, också det en energikrävande och miljöskadlig verksamhet. Det hela blir dessutom väldigt märkligt när vi får veta att en naturlig kalksten har en tryckhållfasthet på 100 MPa, medan en liknande bit betong bara har en tryckhållfasthet på 40 MPa.
Så varför i hela världen slösar vi så mycket energi på att krossa sten och tillverka en produkt som är svagare än stenen var från första början? Därför att det skapar ekonomisk tillväxt. Ju fler steg i en tillverkningsprocess, desto fler möjligheter till transaktioner och handel. Dåligt för miljön, men bra för BNP. När ekonomisk tillväxt är ett samhälles måttstock blir användningen av enkla naturmaterial ologisk och komplexa produkter som kräver många specialiserade steg i en rad tillverkningsprocesser logiskt. Oavsett vad det har för sociala, miljömässiga eller hälsoskadliga baksidor.
Om vi ser bortom produkters livslängd, och vänder uppmärksamheten mot organiska material utan större krav på bearbetning eller komplex förädling – material som kanske har kortare livslängd som till exempel vass eller takspån – så skulle byggbranschen kunna skapa många nya arbetstillfällen med hänsyn till de planetära gränserna. Ett vass eller sticketak behöver bytas med 20-50 års intervall. Det kan ge arbetstillfällen utan bitter bismak och giftig deponi. Materialen kan skördas lokalt och transporten till komposten kan göras med skottkärra.
Cirkulärt byggande
Avgörande för att något skall kunna kallas för en cirkulär produkt är att det redan vid uttag av naturresurser och vid tillverkning finns en plan för hur ett materialet skall kunna brukas, återanvändas och slutligen återföras till naturen utan att göra skada. Dessutom bör hänsyn tas till energiförbrukning och tillsatser vid tillverkning samt vid eventuellt omskapande för återbruk.
När det kommer till husbyggnad är möjlighet till underhåll en viktig aspekt. Idag marknadsförs många produkter som underhållsfria, vilket är ett annat sätt att säga att de inte går att underhålla och därmed är engångsprodukter. Engångsprodukter rimmar illa med cirkulär ekonomi.
Att betrakta byte av fönster som en klimatinsats är en vida spridd myt. Det är dessutom en ekonomisk förlust. En beräkning gjord av byggnadsingenjör Chico Hovedskov Crafoord, slöjd och byggnadsvård, visar att det tar 66 år att spara in kostnaderna av ett fönsterbyte på en normalstor villa. Livslängden på moderna fönster beräknas till runt 40 år. Energin som går åt till att tillverka nya fönster överstiger i regel energin man sparar in på minskad värmeförlust. Fönster byggda fram till 1950-talet är av mycket god kvalitet och går att renovera om och om igen. En cirkulär produkt värd att värna och vårda.
Givetvis ska vi bygga välisolerade och energisnåla hus. Men när industrin misslyckas med att tillhandahålla cirkulära miljövänliga produkter och omställningen från fossil till grön energi visar sig vara svår att genomföra så måste vi tänka om. Det är inte genom komplexa miljöskadliga material, Hi-Tech lösningar och artificiell intelligens vi minskar utsläppen från våra bostäder och byggnader. Nej, det är genom ett extra par innanfönster vintertid, Low-Tech lösningar och komposterbara naturmaterial som vi visar byggbranchen vägen in i det postfossila samhället. Material vi hittar i våra egna trädgårdar, runt närmaste sjö och i skogen. Industrin kan hjälpa oss ta tillvara på dessa material. Isolering av lin, hampa och trä är goda exempel.
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